8-Pole

Bessel

Appendix A

Low-Pass

4

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Web Address: http://www.freqdev.com

Normalized Time (1/f sec)

Step Response

0

1

2

3

4

5

-0.2

-0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Normalized Time (1/f sec)

Delay

(Normalized)

0.1

1.0

2

3

4

5 6 7 8 9

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

0.15

Normalized Frequency(f/fc)

Frequency Response

0.1

1.0

10.0

2

3 4 5 6 78

2

3 4 5 6 7

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

(sec)

Theoretical Transfer Characteristics

1

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.25

2.50

2.75

3.00

3.25

3.50

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.0

1.Normalized Group Delay:

The above delay data is normalized to a corner frequency

of 1.0Hz.The actual delay is the normalized delay divided

by the actual corner frequency (fc).

Actual Delay =

Normalized Delay

Actual Corner Frequency (fc) in Hz

f/fc

(Hz)

Amp

(dB)

Phase

(deg)

Delay

-79.2

-89.8

-99.0

-107

-114

-33.4

-38.3

-43.1

-51.8

-66.8

-12.1

-13.7

-18.1

-23.1

-28.3

-6.10

-7.08

-8.16

-9.36

-10.7

-2.71

-3.01

-3.67

-4.40

-5.20

-1.06

-1.45

-1.91

-2.16

-2.42

0.00

-0.029

-0.117

-0.264

-0.470

-0.737

-610

-626

-638

-647

-655

-489

-509

-526

-552

-587

-345

-362

-402

-436

-465

-255

-273

-291

-309

-327

-173

-182

-200

-219

-237

-109

-128

-146

-155

-164

0.00

-18.2

-36.4

-54.7

-72.9

-91.1

.052

.038

.029

.023

.018

.241

.201

.170

.126

.077

.482

.468

.417

.352

.291

.505

.504

.502

.498

.492

.506

.506

.506

.506

.506

.506

.506

.506

.506

.506

.506

.506

.506

.506

.506

.506